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Di Kiln Powder Green Di Kiln Plum Green
Produktbeschreibung
Introduction
In the blank with blue glazePowder green China Pale green referred to in the Chinese all previous dynasties porcelain, feng, emerald green color, ai color, CuiQing, powder blue, such as porcelain, is refers to this kind of porcelain.The kiln in tang dynasty, song dynasty, longquan celadon, imperial, your kiln, yao state kiln, etc., all belong to celadon system.
Tonal
Celadon and tonal form, mainly in the embryo glaze contains a certain amount of iron oxide, roasting in reducing flame atmosphere.But some of the celadon for iron not pure, reducing atmosphere is not enough, it is yellow or brown.
The development history
Known as in the past dynasties pale green porcelain, feng, attendants, ai qing, CuiQing, powder green means in terms of celadon.The kiln in tang dynasty and song dynasty longquan celadon, imperial, your kiln, both yao state kiln celadon kiln system.As early as Monday period appeared a primitive celadon, anyang in henan province zhengzhou, luoyang, ligou, yanshi, chaff city in hebei, Beijing, xi 'an, shandong yi, tunxi in anhui, jiangsu nanjing, dantu chow sites and tombs, has unearthed the many primitive celadon and debris, mainly the shape of a statue, bowl, dish, bottles, jar, pot, beans, etc.Scientifically determined, they have basically has the characteristics of China, but compared with later mature celadon, also with primitiveness, such as the porosity is larger, impurities in tire material, glaze color is not enough stable, so called primitive celadon. Porcelain after the spring and autumn period and the warring states period of development, to the eastern han dynasty had a major breakthrough.In zhejiang, jiangsu, jiangxi, anhui, hubei, henan, gansu and other places in the eastern han dynasty tombs and sites, of the eastern han dynasty excavated in the green China.Found in zhejiang shangyu county alone around the eastern han dynasty kilns site, do to the little fairy altar and used, and the typical ceramics made scientific determination, the results show that the iron content less than primitive celadon, tire body are pale, TaiZhi sintering, minimum suction was only 0.16 percent, sintering temperature is 1310 degrees, using bank kiln roasting, microscopic structure and modern porcelain basic same, transparency is at a higher level.Show the eastern han dynasty celadon prime technology has reached a mature stage.For the zhejiang shangyu county area was guile man's hometown, belong to the jurisdiction of the state when the warring states period, the tang dynasty said yue state, so this area of the kiln as the kiln.To The Three Kingdoms period, the southern and northern dynasties in the 5th more common around the fire celadon, kilns, phyletic and various, further improve the quality, the south and the north by burning celadon each has its own characteristics.Southern celadon, general TaiZhi hard is exquisite, with pale gray, glaze color crystal pure, commonly used class ice jade to describe.North green porcelain body body, heavy glass simple sense is strong, fluidity big, glaze has fine slitting, glaze color yellow green.Hebei kinghsien beiqi's tomb unearthed celadon lotus statue, modelling is very beautiful, is the representative work of northern celadon.
Elder brother kiln porcelain(Ge Kiln)
Elder brother kiln porcelain tire color dark gray, light gray, dark gray and khaki color, glaze color is more green, which, putty powder, greenish yellow, and given priority to with putty.Its main characteristic is the crackle glaze is full of cracks, often called "open".This form by the tiny crack lines, size, color of crack depth is also different.And glaze shrinkage due to the different shape of different area, caused the appearance of the differences in objects, namely due to the crackle of crisscross in a variety of different shape, forming the so-called fine eyes, commonly known as "fish ZiWen";Crackle finely is also called "hundredfold crackle"A black crack and deficient fine yellow crisscross the crack, present the crackle depth color level, called "gold wire".In short, they and background on color contrast, depth, strips, very natural.A objects in the whole body is full of the broken pieces of the crackle, ever-changing it seems midwinter rivers of ice crack, in art has a kind of of primitive simplicity and natural natural appeal, full of very high ornamental value.Elder brother kiln in song dynasty celadon is by its nature of cracking phenomenon and win the hearts of people.
Elder brother kiln porcelain glaze of crackle, this belongs to the fire craft of a kind of morbid, it is because the tire body and glaze expansion coefficient caused by the inconsistent.A porcelain if there is no crack, expansion coefficient is consistent, glazed embryo and the glaze union closely, so well the works of the billet glaze is one integrated mass effect.But if the expansion coefficient is smaller than the glaze expansion coefficient to a certain extent, glaze will be formed in the cooling process after firing crack.Open patches on the elder brother kiln celadon wares is this reason.But the ills of firing, glaze produces a face segmentation of size, density, even if the elder brother kiln celadon formed a natural beauty of crack, it is like a painter becomes failure for magical, add vitality to the elder brother kiln celadon wares, at the time it give people a kind of brand-new artistic enjoyment.
Elder brother kiln site in zhejiang province LongQuan County never find the exact kilns, therefore, the existence of artifacts and the site of fushi is the current problem of the academic debate is quite big.Roughly classified into the concentrated in the following aspects:
the site of the region, due to the elder brother kiln porcelain tire body is mostly black ash, the dark grey color, and the cultural relics management committee, zhejiang province in 1956 to1961 in LongQuan County big kiln, xikou site found that black child open piece of celadon, their characteristics and fushi brother kiln works similar to a certain extent, so think big kiln, xikou and used in the black tire unearthed celadon should be elder brother kiln products will surely ".The Chinese academy of sciences, Shanghai silicate research all the different views, they through the LongQuan County black births celadon and Fu Shige glaze, glaze chemical composition and microstructure test results, found that there is a certain difference, so think: "the Fu Shige kiln in longquan fire acceptable", therefore, they put forward: Fu Shige kiln and jingdezhen in many ways similar works close to.Thus "is likely to be the jingdezhen by fire after the song dynasty".Elder brother whether kiln fire by jingdezhen, no site unearthed objects, it is difficult to convince people.
from the kiln mouth itself, some people think that "guan kiln by is Fu Shige kiln".This kind of new insights, itself to deny the existence of the Fu Shige kiln, the current difficult to agree to this.
Era of kiln to the elder brother also have different opinions, is the biggest collections of the Palace Museum and the Palace Museum in Taipei today works of Bosch elder brother kiln, bottle shape more genera, oven, washing, Yuan type of vessel, modelling is rich in era of the song dynasty porcelain style.As a result, the elder brother kiln or a celadon wares of the fire of song dynasty.As for the site where either the?Can only hope that the future of the site investigation and excavation.
Elder brother kiln porcelain modelling in addition to the bowl, basin, wash, and all kinds of bottle, furnace, such as, the penetration of ear furnace is relatively rare artifacts, the Palace Museum collection of "penetration ears Song Ge kiln furnace" is the representative work of elder brother kiln porcelain.The approximate rectangular furnace profile, its outer contour line show the mouth down the following inward contraction, and abdominal slightly outward, such a closed convex arc gland appear very forceful device body. Configuration on both sides of the ears outward expansion, enhances the artifacts on modelling the effect of the solemn and dignified.Combined with the elder brother kiln porcelain glaze layer is thick, give a person with more vigorous and stable feeling.As the sacrifice and the oblation god with a display of porcelain, the penetration of ear furnace is appropriately reflect its proper function.
Longquan celadon
The artistic features of longquan celadon
Longquan celadon began in southern dynasties, prospering in northern song dynasty, sheng in the southern song dynasty, ancient longquan ancient jun is the song dynasty, "officer, brother, you,," one of five ancient jun, has a long history, renowned Chinese and foreign.Lines smooth, celadon porcelain is exquisite, modelling grace, austere, colour and lustre is pure and mellow."Green jade, bright as a mirror, such as qing" in the "flower" porcelain porcelain worthy of the treasure, rare and precious.
Longquan celadon brand award
Longquan celadon brand was awarded a prize of China national products, there are more than 200 high-quality goods, has obtained national new product "golden dragon award".Treasure elder brother kiln 61 receiving plate, 52 cm hang dish is known as the contemporary national treasures.Seven inches of pure embedded "elder brother kiln" art hanging dish by the state council as a national gift, elder brother kiln purple light dish, the 51 pieces such as purple light bottles collected by ziguangge, zhongnanhai display, transportation of more than 30 international exposition, provide gifts for national leaders to visit abroad.By the major international museum.
Longquan celadon product
Longquan celadon product has two kinds: one kind is white and cinnabar lie births celadon, is famous for its "brother kiln" or "longquan celadon.Another is the black births celadon glaze on, say "elder brother kiln"."Brother kiln celadon glaze layer plump, glaze color green garden, soft luster, glittering and translucent moist, more jade.Have green, which, pea green, plum green, pink, pale blue and sallowness different glaze color."Elder brother kiln celadon with magnificent, the old servant crackle for decoration, such as ice crack, crab claw grain, ox hair grain ZiWen, running water grains, fish, meat, blood lines, best there pieces etc. Together with its full, ying jie, glaze layer is known as the" purple iron foot, "said, with glaze, crackle, more show the old servant, elegance, zhans porcelain treasures.
Modern longquan celadon
Modern longquan celadon faithfully inherited the Chinese traditional artistic style, on the basis of inheriting and archaize, more have new breakthrough, the success of red copper glaze, high temperature black glaze, tiger spot glaze, glaze, tea without glaze, sharply glaze and the azure glaze, etc.Decorative arts and crafts design, has "celadon thin foetus", "celadon and exquisite", "celadon glaze color", "elephant", "military", "stimulation combined with", "combining koti kiln" and so on.
Longquan celadon renowned at home and abroad, the Chinese nation worthy of artistic gardens.Is a shimmering in the history of Chinese porcelain shuo "porcelain pearl".
The distribution of longquan celadon.
Originated in the southern district of longquan kiln, jin village, celadon kiln Huang Shixuan area, through song, yuan, Ming, has been around longquan territory along the creek and celebrating, clouds, lishui, local, jinyun, always fine when fujian PuCheng and other parts of the county (city), formed in the history of rare large kiln system.And the kiln system originated in longquan kilns dense in longquan, production technology and product style are consistent with that of longquan "brother kiln" products, so collectively referred to as "longquan celadon.This kiln is used more than 400 have been found, there are more than 300 in longquan, found and used through the ages more than 50 large kiln village alone.
Longquan celadon history
LongQuan County seven miles south yue ryukyu and huashan...Ryukyu and field below, the residents more for ceramic industry.Down the old minister a, two brothers, two people to Japan when people, Lord ryukyu field kiln celadon, living beauty crown, brother elder brother kiln, have two younger brother yue kiln...."Seven class repaired draft:" : "elder brother kiln and longquan celadon LongQuan County source states. When the southern song dynasty, has engineered a, two brothers all main kiln. Elder brother is a pottery kiln, brother to nothing; two is tao as the longquan, with place names also. Its color is green, different thick; their feet are iron, also different thick. News purple, this rare. But earth arteries and veins thin, glaze color is the most expensive. Pure elder brother kiln are many fault lines, number yue best there."Guangxu "longquan county annals" have two ZhangQing unit load: "all out of two porcelain kiln, extremely fine jade-like stone, pure and flawless, such as the mei-yu. Today people fresh memory, or a bottle of a bowl, bo dozens of gold. Jue brother gave birth to a, the main kiln, the device is plain broken lines, number of best there also crown color current, today the somebody else is particularly weak. The brother said the elder brother of yue kiln, said his brother of yue have two ZhangYun.""" that", "NaYao notes", the following eight ", "tao said", "jingdezhen TaoLu", "yan spare clear reward", "key natural history" and so on books not only have a brother, brother kiln detailed records, and say: "kilns character, DaLv same as the elder brother kiln."Zhu Boqian "a brief history of longquan celadon, said:" the in kind, guan kilns and black births celadon longquan do have much in common, especially the powder blue glaze porcelain, is really a resemblance, difficult points "officer", "elder brother".
Confirmed by the ancient site, literature, contained within the territory of longquan "elder brother kiln" products not only exist in the site, and can be divided into two ways: one is as described in the literature "as thin as paper, glaze thick jade, glaze is full of grain, purple iron foot, tire color grey black";A thick thin glaze, glaze is full of grain, color black.The former more out of county district, mid to the southern song dynasty and early yuan products, with the southern song dynasty "official kiln" difficult points each other;The latter for county northeast, to the yuan dynasty.Longquan celadon is the other part of the site does not exist "elder brother kiln" products.In addition, there is the so-called "the elder brother kiln" handed down from ancient times, although have crackle, but glaze color is green, beige or crab shell with longquan "elder brother kiln glaze color is the" or cyan, fetal bone thicker, a yellow or red ochre.The longquan products.
"Brother kiln", also known as "longquan celadon.Its basic characteristics are: no crackle glaze, white or at the bottom of foot is scarlet, glaze color green embellish scaramouche, ridge area on the edge of the artifacts or a shadow thief mark (called a "bar").Glaze color with plum green and pink green for the best.Plums are green, the color, such as hanging branches at the beginning of may, green green, jade-like stone clear and transparent;Powder green, the color is like cyan lake, downy and bright and clean.
Longquan celadon category
In song and yuan heyday, longquan celadon porcelain variety is very rich, there are bowl, plate, plate, cup, bowl, ewer, lamps, slag bucket, fuming furnace and other practical porcelain;Pen holder, pen rack, porcelain inkstone, writing brush washer, color pool, paperweight stationery such as porcelain;The vases, ornament porcelain such as character, hang dish;Incense burner, candlestick, figure of Buddha for porcelain;Bird food cans, chess entertainment such as porcelain, and burial objects, etc.Each type of product and has a variety of sizes and styles, such as bowl has a lotus-shaped bowl, tureen, vase with a bunch of bottle mouth, fish, chicken ears, etc."Longquan county annals a" reign of qing emperor guangxu years: "elder brother kiln but person in the qing dynasty of the reward, for the four are: elder brother kiln bottles, three mountains five mountain pen case, yi furnace, furnace milk, octagonal cup, PanChi paperweight, porcelain Angle of color printing, the color of pool, octagon commission pool, fangyuan pot, peach water melon lie pot, double, double lotus seed pot water injection, the shepherd boy lie cow water injection, pen, water injection; water cheng has urn belly round type, alms bowl, low belly edges; writing brush washer has yuan wash, sunflower, qing mouth wash washing, yuan belly mouth wash, wash, four volumes lotus leaf roll of sugarcane wash, oblong to wash. Longquan celadon are: cheng in the fine floral water, writing brush washer with Pisces wash, wash chrysanthemum petals, wash alms bowl., twist and extremely seiko, for the expensive."
Longquan celadon porcelain making customs
Longquan celadon began in jin dynasty, when the northern song dynasty begun to take shape, entered the heyday, song dynasty and yuan dynasty porcelain making an unprecedented scale, skill and the longquan therefore become the national famous porcelain industry center, to the qing dynasty gradually decline.After the founding of the people, under the care of premier zhou enlai to resume production, longquan celadon thrive, thrive.Longquan celadon tradition has "elder brother kiln" and "brother kiln".Elder brother kiln and famous officer, ru, five ancient jun, jun and called the song dynasty, its product "as thin as paper, glaze thick jade, glaze is full of grain, purple iron foot, color dark gray, quaint dignity".Brother kiln tire white glaze green, powder green, plum green, for the most, pea green, beautiful and honest.
Longquan celadon in marketing all over the country and for the imperial court, and exported to Asia, Africa, Europe since song dynasty on three continents.
Modern longquan celadon inherited the ancient features, and a breakthrough and development, over the years in various national competitions, the high-quality goods is known as "national treasure", for the great hall of the people, ziguangge, zhongnanhai, the Palace Museum, the museum of Chinese history display and collection.On October 13, 1998, the national post office issued the "Chinese pottery and porcelain, longquan celadon porcelain" special stamp, a set of four.Longquan celadon porcelain is very prosperous, products are exported to more than 60 countries and regions.
Longquan porcelain industry in the process of long-term development, formed a variety of unique customs.
Worship ancestors: in longquan, brother elder brother kiln kiln, the founder of a drum, drum 2 be remembered as ceramics granddaddy.From past bank kiln porcelain, carp kiln kiln head, post a list of the master.The master list in addition to the 2nd division a god, and the attached si, land, moving water ZhangZi, mountain water.On the second day, ShiLiuLiangRi, porcelain maker must buy wine meat, food and drinks, some scented candles in front of the kiln head master list of sacrifice, kowtow worship, then broken offerings, commonly known as "day".
Kiln: choose the infrastructure to build kilns first please Mr Feng shui until ginnie and auspicious day to start to build kilns.When starts, to worship a god in the kiln, in order to burn out the good China.To build kilns, it is forbidden to children, pregnant women into YaoChi, or to someone before after pick honey bucket from the kiln, in case of violating the gods curse in the kiln.
The kiln: the lunar July 18 for the kiln, vulgar pass this day he is elder brother kiln engineered a "kiln porcelain" made out of date.Potter to bathe fast, on the table sweetmeats ancestors placed with surface knead into virgins, set offerings in front of the list of kiln head touts, bow down some incense, pray for the father bless to burn a beautiful porcelain.
Kilns mess: dining in a kiln kiln field can't talk, chopsticks meals can't touch the ring, the table can't put the chopsticks on the bowl.
Into the kiln, kiln to choose the date of the three, six, nine, and he was the father, the god, the land to sacrifice.In the whole process of kiln to say auspicious, to prohibit filth, prevent the noxious gas kiln, kiln.
F: do kiln in either built longquan kilns, tile kiln, dried, beside the kiln will be made "kiln".Open kiln ignition will sacrifice "kiln", the first and prepare wine food, please master, namely do kiln.
The development of longquan celadon
Longquan celadon three phases of historical development
From five dynasties to the early northern song dynasty
In longquan mountain, a series of dense forest, is of rich mineral resources, such as porcelain stone is an important birthplace of oujiang, so not only provides the system porcelain craft enough raw material, fuel and water resources, but also provides a water transportation is convenient, the product sales is very superior natural conditions.
In The Three Kingdoms period, in the 5th use the local advantageous natural conditions, the local people to learn the kiln and ou kiln porcelain making technology and experience, and began firing celadon.Celadon works poorly made during this period, the size of ceramic industry .However, to the five dynasties and the northern song dynasty, the ruler of the kingdom to kneel, a year to the central plains to the monarch countless "secret color porcelain", as a repaired.Such a large production quantity made transcontinental kilns can not afford, so in this case, longquan celadon was in such a GongQi mission of "peace" for its own development opportunities.At that time, longquan ceramic industry begun to take shape, firing celadon technology has a level.Combined with the most advanced production technology was introduced into the kiln, a group of outstanding porcelain artisan have their homes in longquan, longquan celadon product quality rapidly improved.
This period of longquan celadon ware are cyan color glaze porcelain, fetal bone is pale, more minority film.Wall thin, hard, quality of a material is solid, fine.Longquan remote, but in the oujiang river flows through the meantime, can load cargo ships from longquan county town along the Yangtze river and under the direct of wenzhou port, water traffic development, make the longquan celadon is hundreds of kilometers, even affect the industrial kiln mouth, within the scope of this is the style of longquan celadon production of porcelain.Longquan celadon porcelain making workshop most built on the foothills on both sides of the river or gulley.Potter are built on the gentle slope of the hill bank kiln, kiln next to the small piece of flat land to build workshops and residential, kiln and workshop together, rational layout, easy to operate; With trees on the mountain, near the porcelain, the raw material for production of porcelain, fuel use is convenient; Nearby streams and the rivers, as well as provide industrial water for workshop, but also through the water transport tools such as ship raft products for sale.
From the five dynasties to the northern song dynasty, in the middle of the longquan become no.1 ancient jun.Those are modulated by countless people admire "the secret color porcelain", it is also the longquan celadon deduce it the beginning of a beautiful legend.
From late northern song dynasty to the southern song dynasty
The southern song dynasty is the golden age of longquan celadon, celadon appeared a new look.Northern song dynasty after the demise of the north a large number of migrating south, south the national political and economic center, and the north your kiln, kiln and other ancient jun and damaged by the war, ou kiln and the kiln has subsequently decline.By the late southern song dynasty, due to the incoming north porcelain making technology, longquan celadon in south to north art skill, created the peak in the history of Chinese celadon.
During this period, longquan celadon appeared like a jasper thick glaze porcelain, the glaze thick porcelain with black and white two kinds.At the same time, the southern song dynasty rulers to solve financial difficulties, encourage foreign trade, and the longquan celadon is by the rise of maritime trade, a large number of exports from the sea, marketing all over the world, became one of the major export commodities.Ceramic Japanese scholars three last man and the sea route the transport of China is regarded as "ceramic" road .Foreign trade produced a large number of demand for new system porcelain workshop, firing technology quality enhances unceasingly.
The late southern song dynasty, longquan celadon entered the heyday, powder blue and plum green fire is successful, the wonderful artical excelling nature, in our country, left a glorious page in the history of China.Powder green, plum green is regarded as the peak of the celadon glaze color, it not only means to raise the level of longquan celadon porcelain making technology itself contains richer aesthetic implication.The vessels of the southern song dynasty longquan celadon many new modelling are evolved from inheritance of ancient bronze ware, such as the statue of type bottle, ding furnace, etc.People look at these exquisite Juan xiuhe of southern song dynasty longquan celadon celadon unavoidable should marvel, them too much with the shadow of the imperial wares.Kiln as a monopoly, absolutely not allow private copying , longquan celadon similar to imperial wares can happen when it is affected by the imperial wares.Although has not yet found the southern song dynasty longquan kiln clear to record, but the indications are that the court is likely to be dispatched technicians and bureaucrats in longquan producer "GongQi".
